The output voltage of a digital-to-analog converter (DAC) can be as large as what?

The output voltage of a digital-to-analog converter (DAC) is typically determined by the reference voltage. This is because the reference voltage sets the scale for the analog voltage output in relation to the digital input. The DAC converts binary values into proportional analog signals, and this conversion is scaled based on the reference voltage.

If the reference voltage is, for example, 5 volts, then the maximum output voltage that the DAC can produce will also approach 5 volts, proportional to the maximum digital input value. The capability to set the output based on a reference voltage allows for flexibility in how the DAC is integrated into a circuit and what levels of output are necessary for specific applications.

In contrast, options like supply voltage and operating voltage may not directly correlate to the actual output voltage since the DAC could be designed to produce an output that is less than the maximum supply or operating voltage, depending on its configuration and application.